By: DSB
Re-posted from: https://medium.com/coffee-in-a-klein-bottle/deep-learning-with-julia-e7f15ad5080b?source=rss-8bd6ec95ab58------2
A brief tutorial on training a Neural Network with Flux.jl
Flux.jl is the most popular Deep Learning framework in Julia. It provides a very elegant way of programming Neural Networks. Unfortunately, since Julia is still not as popular as Python, there aren’t as many tutorial guides on how to use it. Also, Julia is improving very fast, so things can change a lot in a short amount of time.
I’ve been trying to learn Flux.jl for a while, and I realized that most tutorials out there are actually outdated. So this is a brief updated tutorial.
1. What we are going to build
So, the goal of this tutorial is to build a simple classification Neural Network. This will be enough for anyone who is interested in using Flux. After learning the very basics, the rest is pretty much altering Networks architectures and loss functions.
2. Generating our Dataset
Instead of importing data from somewhere, let’s do everything self-contained. Hence, we write two auxiliary functions to generate our data:
#Auxiliary functions for generating our data
function generate_real_data(n)
x1 = rand(1,n) .- 0.5
x2 = (x1 .* x1)*3 .+ randn(1,n)*0.1
return vcat(x1,x2)
end
function generate_fake_data(n)
θ = 2*π*rand(1,n)
r = rand(1,n)/3
x1 = @. r*cos(θ)
x2 = @. r*sin(θ)+0.5
return vcat(x1,x2)
end
# Creating our data
train_size = 5000
real = generate_real_data(train_size)
fake = generate_fake_data(train_size)
# Visualizing
scatter(real[1,1:500],real[2,1:500])
scatter!(fake[1,1:500],fake[2,1:500])
3. Creating the Neural Network
The creation of Neural Network architectures with Flux.jl is very direct and clean (cleaner than any other Library I know). Here is how you do it:
function NeuralNetwork()
return Chain(
Dense(2, 25,relu),
Dense(25,1,x->σ.(x))
)
end
The code is very self-explanatory. The first layer is a dense layer with input 2, output 25 and relu for activation function. The second is a dense layer with input 25, output 1 and a sigmoid activation function. The Chain ties the layers together. Yeah, it’s that simple.
4. Training our Model
Next, let’s prepare our model to be trained.
# Organizing the data in batches
X = hcat(real,fake)
Y = vcat(ones(train_size),zeros(train_size))
data = Flux.Data.DataLoader(X, Y', batchsize=100,shuffle=true);
# Defining our model, optimization algorithm and loss function
m = NeuralNetwork()
opt = Descent(0.05)
loss(x, y) = sum(Flux.Losses.binarycrossentropy(m(x), y))
In the code above, we first organize our data into one single dataset. We use the DataLoader function from Flux, that helps us create the batches and shuffles our data. Then, we call our model and define the loss function and the optimization algorithm. In this example, we are using gradient descent for optimization and cross-entropy for the loss function.
Everything is ready, and we can start training the model. Here, I’ll show two way of doing it.
Training Method 1
ps = Flux.params(m)
epochs = 20
for i in 1:epochs
Flux.train!(loss, ps, data, opt)
end
println(mean(m(real)),mean(m(fake))) # Print model prediction
In this code, first we declare what parameters are going to be trained, which is done using the Flux.params() function. The reason for this is that we can choose not to train a layer in our network, which might be useful in the case of transfer learning. Since in our example we are training the whole model, we just pass all the parameters to the training function.
Other then this, there is not much to be said. The final line of code is just printing the mean prediction probability our model is giving.
Training Method 2
m = NeuralNetwork()
function trainModel!(m,data;epochs=20)
for epoch = 1:epochs
for d in data
gs = gradient(Flux.params(m)) do
l = loss(d...)
end
Flux.update!(opt, Flux.params(m), gs)
end
end
@show mean(m(real)),mean(m(fake))
end
trainModel!(m,data;epochs=20)
This method is a bit more convoluted, because we are doing the training “manually”, instead of using the training function given by Flux. This is interesting since one has more control over the training, which can be useful for more personalized training methods. Perhaps the most confusing part of the code is this one:
gs = gradient(Flux.params(m)) do
l = loss(d...)
end
Flux.update!(opt, Flux.params(m), gs)
The function gradient receives the parameters to which it will calculate the gradient, and applies it to the loss function, that is calculated for the batch d. The splater operator (the three dots) is just a neat way of passing x and y to the loss function. Finally, the update! function is adjusting the parameters according to the gradients, which are stored in the variable gs.
5. Visualizing the Results
Finally, the model is trained, and we can visualize it’s performance again the dataset.
scatter(real[1,1:100],real[2,1:100],zcolor=m(real)')
scatter!(fake[1,1:100],fake[2,1:100],zcolor=m(fake)',legend=false)
Note that our model is performing quite well, it can properly classify the points in the middle with probability close to 0, implying that it belongs to the “fake data”, while the rest has probability close to 1, meaning that it belongs to the “real data”.
6. Conclusion
That’s all for our brief introduction. Hopefully this is a first article on a series on how to do Machine Learning with Julia.
Note that this tutorial is focused on simplicity, and not on writing the most efficient code. For that learning how to improve performance, look here.
TL;DR
Here is the code with everything put together:
#Auxiliary functions for generating our data
function generate_real_data(n)
x1 = rand(1,n) .- 0.5
x2 = (x1 .* x1)*3 .+ randn(1,n)*0.1
return vcat(x1,x2)
end
function generate_fake_data(n)
θ = 2*π*rand(1,n)
r = rand(1,n)/3
x1 = @. r*cos(θ)
x2 = @. r*sin(θ)+0.5
return vcat(x1,x2)
end
# Creating our data
train_size = 5000
real = generate_real_data(train_size)
fake = generate_fake_data(train_size)
# Visualizing
scatter(real[1,1:500],real[2,1:500])
scatter!(fake[1,1:500],fake[2,1:500])
function NeuralNetwork()
return Chain(
Dense(2, 25,relu),
Dense(25,1,x->σ.(x))
)
end
# Organizing the data in batches
X = hcat(real,fake)
Y = vcat(ones(train_size),zeros(train_size))
data = Flux.Data.DataLoader(X, Y', batchsize=100,shuffle=true);
# Defining our model, optimization algorithm and loss function
m = NeuralNetwork()
opt = Descent(0.05)
loss(x, y) = sum(Flux.Losses.binarycrossentropy(m(x), y))
# Training Method 1
ps = Flux.params(m)
epochs = 20
for i in 1:epochs
Flux.train!(loss, ps, data, opt)
end
println(mean(m(real)),mean(m(fake))) # Print model prediction
# Visualizing the model predictions
scatter(real[1,1:100],real[2,1:100],zcolor=m(real)')
scatter!(fake[1,1:100],fake[2,1:100],zcolor=m(fake)',legend=false)
Deep Learning with Julia was originally published in Coffee in a Klein Bottle on Medium, where people are continuing the conversation by highlighting and responding to this story.
